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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD are prescribed medication. It can help alleviate symptoms, but can also cause negative side effects. If you experience adverse reactions, consult your GP about them. Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed kind of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe for ADHD. These medicines increase levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters that regulate the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in children and adults. It works by enhancing the activity of brain regions that regulate behavior and attention. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other conditions such as narcolepsy. It can help those suffering from narcolepsy stay awake during the day and increase their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a very high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. It is recommended to take this medication exactly as prescribed to reduce the risk of abuse and adverse negative effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also worsen behavior and tics for some patients suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Patients with these conditions should inform their doctor prior to taking this medication. Tell your doctor if there are any other health issues or if you're allergic to food or dyes. (For instance, tartrazine is a yellow color that is found in processed food items and in some medicines. If you're taking Adhansia XR, you should consult your doctor.). Methylphenidate may interact with certain drugs such as opioids, antidepressants and monoamine oxide inhibitors. These include isocarboxazid, linezolid and methylene blue. rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or the tranylcypromine. Avoid alcohol or other stimulants when taking methylphenidate. These drugs can have a harmful effect on your blood pressure and heart rate. The tablets with immediate release methylphenidate (Ritalin) and the chewable tablet with long-acting function and the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine. It can be dangerous if you have a genetic condition called Phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant medicine that works with the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used for depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which is a condition that occurs during the fall-winter months. It can also be utilized to aid in the cessation of smoking cigarettes by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Numerous studies on adults have revealed that bupropion helps improve ADHD symptoms compared to placebo. The fixed-effect RR of the pooled study for improvement over the course of a week (using a clinically significant change of 30% or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95 percent of the interval 0.95 to 1.37) and for the overall response, the corresponding percentage of improved subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion treatment group, compared to 37 percent in the placebo group. Bupropion could cause serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with various drugs, including sedatives antidepressants, and blood pressure medications. It can also increase seizure risk for those with a history of high blood pressure or seizures. It is not recommended for certain medical conditions and women who are nursing or pregnant are not advised to take it. Bupropion is a form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available as generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, or TCAs are a class of drugs that function by affecting brain chemicals. They were one of the first antidepressants that were that were developed, and though they are no longer a first-line treatment for depression they can still be effective in some people with other conditions. They work by preventing the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline by increasing their availability in neurons. They can also be employed to treat a range of other diseases, such as enuresis, pain syndromes like fibromyalgia and phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs can be prescribed alone or in conjunction with stimulants, and may have a positive effect on the symptoms of ADHD. They can improve core ADHD symptoms and reduce anxiety, depression and the tendency to be impulsive. Additionally, they can aid in managing the tics, which are repetitive and uncontrollable sounds or movements, such as throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse effects, such as dry mouth, sedation, and constipation. They also increase the risk of heart issues. They can interact with other medications, such as anticholinergics, and should be avoided by pregnant women. medication for adhd are also known to be teratogenic in animals and can cross the placenta. If you have any concerns consult your physician for advice, as there are more modern antidepressants that have a lower side-effect profile. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). The SSRIs are antidepressants. They consist of a class of medications that inhibit serotonin reuptake within neurons and aid in increasing the amount of serotonin available for signaling. They also help reduce anxiety and the tendency to be impulsive. They are used as adhd medication since they can improve symptoms in certain people and may be beneficial alongside other medication. Examples of SSRIs are fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from your body, but they are extensively metabolized the liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in variable blood levels. These drugs are also prescribed to treat other disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline can help to reduce PTSD symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs can cause an uncommon side effect of sexual dysfunction. If you're considering taking one of these medications it is essential to consult your doctor. A lot of people must try a few different types of ADHD medication before they find the one that suits them. Research and development of new medication is ongoing. It is important to inform all medications you take to your doctor. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant drugs aren't effective for adults with ADHD, doctors often prescribe an antidepressant, also known as a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These drugs increase levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin, two brain chemical substances. They also aid in improving mood and reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however, they are less risky and have fewer side effects. They are used to treat many conditions, including anxiety disorders and chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes they are used to treat depression as well. The SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine, (Effexor). These medications block the reabsorption of norepinephrine in the brain which is a normal reaction after neurotransmission. This results in a more than normal release of phasic. The increased levels of norepinephrine can improve attention and mood. Although SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, some doctors are using them as a substitute for stimulants. They are typically taken as pills. However they are also available in liquid form or as patches. The FDA approved a oral SNRI called viloxazine, or Qelbree, to treat ADHD among children and adolescents in April 2021. It is not the potential for abuse and therefore is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. They are prescribed to treat anxiety and depression, but also aid in the management of ADHD symptoms. Numerous studies have demonstrated that SNRI medications, such as duloxetine and venlafaxine, can significantly lower the scores of different ADHD questionnaires. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and may interact with certain medications. Therefore, it is important to consult with a physician prior to taking these medications. Additionally, improperly disposed medication can harm both people and animals. It is therefore essential to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs or SNRIs are not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors may prescribe them off-label. They are safe, effective and have less side effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor and discuss the symptoms of your child. SNRIs may increase the body's level of serotonin and norepinephrine however they aren't suitable for everyone. Women who are pregnant or nursing should stay clear of taking SNRIs because they can be absorbed through breast milk. They should not be taken by those with high blood pressure, liver problems or other cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people who suffer from ADHD discover that medication can help improve their focus and attention. They may also experience less impulse-driven behaviors. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and skills training to help people learn how to manage their symptoms. Finding the right medication for each individual takes time. In this period, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to find a balance between side effects and benefits. The stimulant drugs, like methylphenidate, boost the activity of specific brain chemicals that control memory and attention. They are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, however, they may cause serious adverse effects, such as a decrease in appetite and difficulty sleeping. These effects usually go away within some weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medications are also available for children and adults. They can take longer to effect their effects but they can enhance the ability to control impulses and concentration. They include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine) and the guanfacine. Antidepressants also help with ADHD. They can increase norepinephrine which is a neurotransmitter within the brain that assists with impulsive behaviors and depression. Bupropion is an example of an antidepressant employed to treat ADHD. It was originally prescribed “off-label” for ADHD however, drug makers eventually developed extended-release versions and the FDA approved the drug as a treatment for this condition.